), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. Recent research on counterfactual thinking is discussed in terms of its implications for decision making. Counterfactual thinking refers to reconstructive thoughts about a past event, in which antecedents to the event are mentally mutated and possible changes to the outcomes are contemplated (Kahneman and Traversky 1982). Epstude, Kai and Neal J. Roese (2008), "The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12 (2), 168-192 Galinsky, A. D., & Kray, L. J.

A person may imagine how an outcome could have turned out . The tendency to think about and experience events according to "what might have been" is known as counterfactual thinking (Kahneman & Miller, 1986; Roese, 2005). This theory emphasized the role of counterfactual thought in . . On the other side, the downward state focuses on . Counterfactual thinking is a term of psychology that describes the tendency people have to imagine alternatives to reality. The aim is to simply encourage consideration of the role that counterfactual thinking plays in the process. Vol. Counterfactual thinking is an essential component of effective social functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 513-519. Go to Social Psychology Concepts & Theories Ch 11. . Counterfactuals may cause decision makers to become liberally biased (i.e., capricious) in terms of tactics, but conservatively biased (i.e . Discover the definition of counterfactual thinking, how it can result in thought suppression, and how the . title = "The psychology of counterfactual thinking", abstract = "Counterfactual thinking refers to mental constructions of alternatives to past events. Within a few short years, research on counterfactual thinking has mushroomed, establishing itself as one of the signature domains within social psychology. Reference from: patrimonio.udg.mx,Reference from: www.kreaktivakonsulter.se,Reference from: communitybalancefoundation.org,Reference from: revistaelimperio.com, Counterfactual Thinking Definition Counterfactual thinking focus on how the past might have been, or the present could be, different. Counterfactual Thinking. But when this comparison is to a better potential outcome, the current situation feels worse. allows for you to plan, organize, make informed and well thought-out decisions. The counterfactual is a useful concept in experimental research because it designates the ______. A thought experiment (from the German term Gedankenexperiment, coined by Hans Christian Ørsted) in the broadest sense is the use of an imagined scenario to help us understand the way things really are.The understanding comes through reflection on the situation. Counterfactual thinking It consists of the mental simulation of different alternatives that could have occurred in the past and finally were not, while prefactual thinking is the simulation of potential alternatives to a future situation. Because Kara has a __________ about older people, she overlooked the woman's abilities at first. In reference to the functional theory of counterfactual thinking, upward counterfactuals are generally beneficial as they can result in behavioural changes, allowing for better decision-making in . The chapter examines the influence of norms dominated by postcomputed representations on perceptions of social events. Against a backdrop of the functional benefits of counterfactual thinking, two distinct types of bias, one liberal and one conservative, are discussed. Counterfactual thinking Counterfactual thinking is a phenomenon that is used in psychology to describe the mentally simulating of what might have been.

the tendency for individuals to prefer the simplest answer that explains the most evidence. COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING 1 . SCHEMAS: MENTAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ORGANISING - AND USING - SOCIAL INFORMATION Schemas: Mental frameworks centering on a specific theme that help us to organize social information. Humans are predisposed to think about how things could have turned out differently if only…, and also to imagine what if? This research provided information regarding a victim who attained severe injuries during a robbery. When less is more: counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists. Experiments in social psychology suggest that belief in free will is linked to increased counterfactual thinking (Alquist et al. Social Psychology. 2015). You could push the paramedic out of the way and do the CPR yourself, but you'll likely do a worse job. According to a study by van de Ven & Zeelenberg (2015), envy involves a particular type of counterfactual thinking that makes social comparisons between people, and that focuses on thoughts of "it could have been me" (van de Ven & Zeelenberg, p. 954, 2015). To make a choice in a moral decision-making situation is particularly hard and, therefore, may be often associated with the imagination of a different outcome. This can be so powerful we can change our own memories, adjusting the facts and creating new memories. It's all relative to the reference point. To accomplish this, show that people's reactions to social events that evoke the same precomputed representations will . plain many of the effects of counterfactual thinking reported by psychologists. The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. Examples of downward counterfactual thinking are: "I'm so thankful I studied secondary education in university instead of psychology like I had originally planned - I love teaching high . Bothwell, R. K., Duhon, K. W. (1994). There are several types of counterfactual thinking, two of them being the upward and the downward counterfactual thinking. When people have an incorrect schema, rarely do they act in a way to make it come true. principle of parsimony defintiion. frameworks of counterfactual reasoning, emphasizing the generative/constructive nature of counterfactual thought. In this overview of the psychological basis of counterfactual thinking, we examine how such thoughts influence emotions and carry benefits for everyday behavior. Speaking to different kinds of comparison (counterfactual, social, temporal), these authors differentiated between two . McCrea, Sean M. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 95(2), Aug 2008, 274-292. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.274 Address for correspondence: Sean M. McCrea Department of Psychology Fach D-39 University of Konstanz 0 Reviews. For example, imagine that you got a higher-than-expected return on a certain investment. Counterfactual thinking and plaintiff compensation. Counterfactual thoughts have a variety of effects on emotions, beliefs, and behavior, with regret being the most common resulting emotion. Also, what is counterfactual thinking in social psychology? Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. A Altruism—A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's own self-interest. Returning to the example of the failing student, thinking "if I had studied, I would have passed . (2004), "From thinking about what might have been to sharing what we know: The effects of counterfactual mind-sets on information sharing in groups . Thus, silver metalists engaged in counterfactual thinking which is the . The aim is to simply encourage consideration of the role that counterfactual thinking plays in the process. Consider this thought experiment : Someone in front of you drops down unconscious, but fortunately there's a paramedic standing by at the scene. We then consider how counterfactuals, when used within expository but also fictional narratives (for example, in alternative histories), might be persuasive and entertaining. In this over- view of the psychological basis of counterfactual thinking, we examine how such thoughts . Thought experiment methodology is a priori, rather than empirical, in that it does not proceed by observation or experiment. The implicit theory of. 2005 . The basic idea of counterfactual theories of causation is that the meaning of causal claims can be explained in terms of counterfactual conditionals of the form "If A had not occurred, C would not have occurred". In their book, _What Might Have Been: the Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking_ (Erlbaum, 1995), editors Neal J. Roese and James M. Olson have collected 14 articles that describe research into the nature of, the influences on, and the consequences of thinking about what might have been. Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. When something bad happens, it seems almost inevitable that people will think about how the event could have been avoided. These half birds and half women sat along the island cliffs and would lure passing sailors to their destruction with their irresistibly beautiful voices. Counterfactual thinking is a form of mental simulation.

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